美国心理学家Bessel Van der Kolk是这样定义创伤的:创伤是人在经历或见证各种灾难事件后,失去正面应对生活中的各种困难、威胁、灾难的能力。创伤事件对人的生理,情感,认知和记忆都产生着深刻和持久的变化,同时也剪断了这四者间的相互连接。 创伤可分为一次性创伤和持续重复性创伤。一次性创伤包括严重意外事故(车祸,被打劫等),自然或人为灾害(地震,海啸等),恐怖袭击等。持续重复性创伤包括长期遭受性虐待,身体虐待(殴打),精神虐待(言语伤害,控制),重大疾病,战争等。无论是一次性创伤或者是持续重复性创伤都有可能对幸存者和目击者造成精神和肉体的严重损害。
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